北京东灵山辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林沿海拔梯度的物种多度分布

多度格局对理解群落结构具有重要意义。选用5个描述种-多度关系的生态位模型(断棍模型BSM、生态位优先占领模型NPM、生态位重叠模型ONM、随机分配模型RAM、优势优先模型DPM),分乔、灌、草3层分别对北京东灵山辽东栎林进行了研究。结果表明:在乔木层,沿海拔梯度从低海拔到高海拔,能很好地反映物种多度格局变异的模型有由RAM、NPM向DPM过渡的趋势;NPM和BSM均能较好地模拟灌木层的绝大多数海拔段,但NPM的效果更好;草本层以BSM的模拟效果最好。生态位模型可以反映出辽东栎林乔木层物种多度分布沿海拔存在的明显变异,而灌木层和草本层物种多度分布沿海拔梯度无明显变化或很难由生态位模型反映出来,是否引入新的模型方法,如中性模型、近中性模型,还有待于进一步研究。     

“生态位”元胞自动机在土地可持续规划模型中的应用

快速城市化带来了一系列的环境生态问题。有必要把生态学的概念引进城市规划中,以减少城市发展带来的弊端。提出了基于“生态位”的元胞自动机（CA）的新模型,并将其应用在土地利用规划中。探讨了如何通过“生态位”元胞自动机和GIS的结合进行城市土地可持续利用的规划。该模型可方便地探索不同土地利用政策下城市土地利用发展情景,能够为城市规划提供有用的决策支持。旨在探索通过模拟的手段对城市土地利用进行合理的规划。将该模型应用于快速发展的广州市,并取得了较有意义的结果。     

利用GARP生态位模型预测桔小实蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis）在中国的适生区域

桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)是一种多食性害虫,明确其可能适生的区域对该虫的科学监测及防治意义重大。利用桔小实蝇在我国的已知分布点数据和亚洲地区的14个环境地理变量图层,运用GARP生态位模型结合GIS空间分析模块预测了该虫在亚洲的地理分布。结果表明桔小实蝇可分布在中国、日本、菲律宾、马来西亚、泰国北部、越南、柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、孟加拉国和斯里兰卡,这与EPPO报道的分布区域一致。将拟合过程中获得的生态位运算法则投影到我国,并考虑模型间的一致性,预测桔小实蝇在我国各省及市县范围的分布：云南大部、四川南部和东部、贵州大部、重庆大部、广西、广东、台湾、香港、澳门、海南、福建、江西、浙江大部、湖南大部、湖北大部、上海、江苏南部、河南局部及安徽部分地区为桔小实蝇的适生区。次适生区沿适生区周围分布,为四川、贵州、重庆、湖北北部、河南南部和江苏南部的一些零星地区。适生区和次适生区大多有较高密度的寄主果树,为桔小实蝇的生存提供了条件。预测结果经独立验证数据的适合性测验表明,选择的最优模型具有显著的统计学意义,显示了很好的预测能力。GARP生态位模型可以解决生态学、生物地理学和环境保护方面的一系列问题,具有广泛的应用前景,为物种已知基础分布点资料的综合分析以及有害生物的适生性分析、监测和防治提供了技术平台。     

A comparative evaluation of presence-only methods for modelling species distribution

In spite of increasing application of presence-only models in ecology and conservation and the growing number of such models, little is known about the relative performance of different modelling methods, and some of the leading models (e.g. GARP and ENFA) have never been compared with one another. Here we compare the performance of six presence-only models that have been selected to represent an increasing level of model complexity [BIOCLIM, HABITAT, Mahalanobis distance (MD), DOMAIN, ENFA, and GARP] using data on the distribution of 42 species of land snails, nesting birds, and insectivorous bats in Israel. The models were calibrated using data from museum collections and observation databases, and their predictions were evaluated using Cohen's Kappa based on field data collected in a standardized sampling design covering most parts of Israel. Predictive accuracy varied between modelling methods with GARP and MD showing the highest accuracy, BIOCLIM and ENFA showing the lowest accuracy, and HABITAT and DOMAIN showing intermediate accuracy levels. Yet, differences between the various models were relatively small except for GARP and MD that were significantly more accurate than BIOCLIM and ENFA. In spite of large differences among species in prevalence and niche width, neither prevalence nor niche width interacted with the modelling method in determining predictive accuracy. However, species with relatively narrow niches were modelled more accurately than species with wider niches. Differences among species in predictive accuracy were highly consistent over all modelling methods, indicating the need for a better understanding of the ecological and geographical factors that influence the performance of species distribution models.     

重叠延伸PCR对DNA片段进行定点双突变

探讨如何利用重叠延伸PCR对同一靶DNA片段中的两个不同位点实施联合突变。先用野生型DNA作模板,通过一轮重叠延伸PCR,获得突变一个预期位点的DNA片段,再用此突变DNA片段作模板,通过另一轮重叠延伸PCR获得两个预期位点均突变的DNA片段。重叠延伸PCR能对DNA片段进行双突变甚至多点突变,具有简便、快速、经济等特点,在阐明基因的调控机理、改造蛋白质结构等分子生物学领域中具有极大的应用价值。     

北京山区森林植被中珍稀濒危草本植物生态位

基于北京山区有珍稀濒危草本植物分布的38块森林群落样地调查数据,对北京山区的野大豆(Glycine soja)、大花杓兰(Cypripedium macranthum)、沼兰(Malaxis monophyllos)、角盘兰(Herminium monorchis)、草芍药(Paeonia obovata)、二叶舌唇兰(Platanthera chlorantha)和羊耳蒜(Liparis japonica)等7种珍稀濒危草本植物进行了生态位宽度和生态位重叠计算与分析.结果表明:野大豆的生态位宽度值较大,为0.297;大花杓兰、沼兰和角盘兰同属于兰科植物,生态位宽度值较小,说明兰科植物在北京地区分布较少,并且仅在几种森林群落类型中有分布,适宜生存的生境较少,急需优先保护.生态位宽度较大的种群对资源利用能力较强,与其它物种的生态位重叠一般较大;生境要求相似的物种间生态位重叠较大.     

濒危植物毛柄小勾儿茶的生态位研究

采用生态学样方调查法,测定了濒危植物毛柄小勾儿茶(Berchemiella wilsonivar.pubipetiolata)所在群落主要物种的生态位宽度和它在其它物种上的生态位重叠,通过Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度公式和Levins生态位重叠公式计算分析,研究了该物种在浙江临安的马啸、湍口和安徽大别山地区的舒城、霍山等四个分布点群落中的生态位特征。结果显示:(1)位于马啸的毛柄小勾儿茶生态位宽度值相对最大,而其余三个地方的都较小,说明该物种对资源的利用能力较弱;(2)毛柄小勾儿茶与群落中少量生态位较小的伴生物种有较大的生态位重叠,而与大多数物种仅有极小的生态位重叠,表明该物种生态位特化明显;(3)毛柄小勾儿茶在几乎所有群落优势种上的生态位重叠值都较小,而主要优势物种与大部分伴生物种的生态位重叠值也较小,表明群落中存在明显生态位分化。研究认为:人为破坏和生态位特化导致的分布区狭窄、对生境要求特殊是毛柄小勾儿茶濒危的重要原因。     

西鄂尔多斯高原北缘四合木群落优势灌木种群生态位研究

利用Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度、生态位相似比例及Pianka生态位重叠值等指标对西鄂尔多斯高原北缘四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maxim.)群落内的11种优势灌木种群进行研究。结果表明,群落中主要种类的生态位宽度均较高,其中绵刺(Potaninia mongolica Maxim.)和四合木的生态位宽度分别为1.702 6和1.532 8;各种类的生态位相似比例均较小;绵刺与其他种类的生态位重叠值较高,四合木和其他种类的生态位重叠值较低。表明四合木群落内许多耐干旱灌木逐渐占据较宽的生态位,群落层次结构比较单一,四合木与其他种类间的相互作用强度不高,整个群落抵御外来干扰的能力较弱,四合木种群有衰退的趋势。     

The effect of small-scale resource origin on trophic position estimates in Perca fluviatilis

The influence of small-scale differences in resource origin on trophic position estimates was evaluated with the stable isotopes method. Perch Perca fluviatilis , a widespread freshwater predator, was used as a model organism. High individual variability was found in the contribution of benthic resources to the isotopic signatures of perch caught in the littoral zone, suggesting substantial within-habitat individual specialization. Small-scale resource origin and δ¹³C enrichment should be accounted for to avoid misleading estimates of both the absolute values and the ontogenetic trajectories of trophic position. A conceptual framework using end-member pathways is proposed to estimate trophic position with the stable isotope technique, particularly when marked ontogenetic niche shifts are expected.     

Overlapping signals in banded wrens: long-term effects of prior experience on males and females

We tested the signal value of song overlapping in banded wrens(Thryothorus pleurostictus), using interactive playback to eitheroverlap or alternate with their songs. Males shortened songduration and decreased variability in song length when theirsongs were overlapped by playback, suggesting that they wereattempting to avoid being overlapped and perhaps being lessaggressive. A novel finding was an effect of long-term priorexperience: song lengths remained relatively short in alternatingtrials that followed two or more days after overlapping trials.Approach responses to the two treatments did not differ overall,but there was a parallel effect of prior experience: males tendedto stay further from the speaker during alternating treatmentsif they had previously been overlapped by playback. Some femalespaired to the male subjects sang in response to playback andwere also influenced by prior experience, singing more duringalternating trials that had not been preceded by an overlappingtrial. Male overlappers may signal dominance over a rival toother male or female receivers in a communication network, butit is currently unclear whether overlapping indicates motivationto escalate an aggressive interaction or whether this singingstrategy is related to male quality. Banded wrens are long livedand maintain year-round territories, so modifying responsesto rivals based on prior experience is likely to be importantfor success.